One Man Can Change the World Essay Example

One Man Can Change the World Essay Example One Man Can Change the World Paper One Man Can Change the World Paper Our group has decided to characterize the accompanying words in the theme: one man, can, change and world. The term one man is viewed as a solitary, singular person; can is characterized as to have the ability to; change can be portrayed as to impact the future course of occasions distinctive to what it is or would have been whenever taken off alone, and world being most of mankind that live on Earth. Thusly we interpret the subject as meaning that a solitary, singular individual has the ability to impact the future course of occasions diverse to what It Is or would have been If left solitary for most of humankind that live on Earth. We accept that this collapse Is sensible and In the split of the subject. The split weve picked for tonights banter Is social and political. As first speaker, I will concentrate on the master plan of the theme and how this influences society in general. Today around evening time, my fundamental contentions will concentrate on: the compassionate Mother Teresa, an increasingly notorious Osama Bin Lading, and he idea of the butterfly impact. Our subsequent speaker will take a gander at Americas Barack Obama, Ian Frazer and the Guardrails antibody, and Fred Hollows. Through this our group sick utilize Justified and ongoing guides to demonstrate to you how one man can change the world. As she once said herself, Do not sit tight for world pioneers; do only it, individual to individual. This is the general thought that we, as the positive group, is putting to you today around evening time we as a whole have the ability to roll out extraordinary improvement, as Mother Teresa has. This past point shows how magnificently a solitary individual can change the world however with there must be an equalization of good and shrewdness on the planet, one such insidiousness passes by the name of Osama bal Laden. Im sure every one of you recall that day where, packed all fashioned the news, was a report of two planes flying into the Twin Towers: a significant number of you wouldve gazed at the TV in stun thinking; no, no chance Its each of the a scam, its simply like the War of the Worlds once more. At that point reality struck, this was all evident, every one of these individuals truly had kicked the bucket from some oddity crash. At that point a subsequent plane, an excessive amount of to be a fortuitous event, so you think what kind of awful individual could do THIS, slaughter such huge numbers of honest unmans? Conceived in 1 957 Osama receptacle Laden grew up to turn into the pioneer of the universes most famous psychological oppressor association, al Qaeda, inciting the previous occupant of the USA to announce war on a thought itself, the straightforward thought of fear based oppression. Receptacle Laden was enabled with the capacity to show people groups enthusiasm Into change and activity and making the worldwide network dread things they once didn't even authenticity existed. Presently before we go on a flight, we have that dread that perhaps our goal Is passing; perhaps the man scheduling close to you has a bomb In his bag, the creative mind can run free on these conceivable outcomes. Osama container Laden has likewise change gathers discernment AT Meme Eastern individuals, won are currently Dealing progressively partial against. Individuals are once more Judged by their external looks and segregation is again in real life which is strange in this 21st century globalizes world. The Middle East creates a portion of the universes best games individuals, masterminds and different societies, to just imagine that one man places this positive picture into one of worldwide doubt and separation. Fanatics like canister Laden, Hitler and Robert Manage have the amazing capacity to change the world for the more regrettable, fixing all the extraordinary accomplishments humankind itself has made with a solitary activity. Women and refined men, a story goes this way, if a butterfly folds its wings on one side of the world, here will be a tropical storm on the opposite side; this portrays the butterfly impact bedlam hypothesis. This is the hypothesis that a solitary activity, regardless of how little it is, is a trigger that will prompt greater occurrences that in the long run will abandon the little butterfly fold to a colossal typhoon. This hypothesis can likewise be applied to this discussion as it just takes one enticing individual to push the primary domino in the line. Both Mother Teresa and Osama canister Laden just made the world the manner in which it is a result of their booking and convictions; they were the impetuses who begun the chain response. The certifiable am is stating to you that we cant Just hope to neglect to move and let the world cruise by; trusting that there is no reason to worry since it wont, every last one of us has the ability to change the world. In synopsis women and men of honor, Eve introduced to you applicable and ongoing models, right off the bat identifying with Mother Teresa and how she effectively rolled out an incredible improvement on the planet we live in by aiding those of sick wellbeing and less lucky. Indicating how regardless of where your sources lie, as long as you are happy to continue on and in the event that you really accept your motivation, at that point you can accomplish those things. Besides I gave a more sombrero model however surely one that we would all be able to identify with and have seen the progressions of. Such an ongoing and persuasive model is one difficult to overlook, the repercussions of al Qaeda and at last Osama receptacle Aldens fear based oppressor assaults despite everything resonate. There is no uncertainty that this occasion has molded and changed the world we live in, all due to the decisions of a person. In conclusion Eve given you how the Butterfly Effect hypothesis is one that can demonstrate how it just takes a solitary man to change things until the end of time. Utilizing this, Eve indicated how one man can change the world. Id like to rabbit with you a story I as of late heard to end with.

Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Essentials of Macroeconomics - Essay Example Gross domestic product is mostly applied in deciding the solidness of a country’s economy. Counts of total national output are ordinarily done utilizing the use technique, which includes complete utilization, speculation, government spending and net fares (Dolan, 2010). Genuine total national output alludes to GDP assessed dependent on the overarching market costs in a given year. Genuine GDP can likewise be viewed as swelling amended GDP. Genuine GDP has the ability to show changes in the value level with a high precision contrasted with ostensible total national output (Dolan, 2010). This alludes to the total national output figure that has not gotten any modifications on expansion. It is the estimation of administrations just as merchandise created in a given nation after the last phase of creation. Expanded acquisition of food supplies by family units is an away from of their improved monetary status. This reality improves development of existing organizations just as the rise of new speculations. In such a circumstance, the administration profits by expanded expense assortments acquired from esteem included duty and tax collection from ventures (Dolan, 2010). This alludes to the decrease of the quantity of individuals under work in a given nation. The ramifications of undertaking such a stage remember negative effects for the administration, family units, and organizations. Monstrous cutback of workers implies that an enormous number of individuals inside a nation will have a diminished buying power. In such circumstances, family unit expectations for everyday comforts will descend; organizations will shut down because of low buys, and government’s income assortment will go down. Monetarily steady residents inside a nation involve a key mainstay of a country’s economy (Dolan, 2010). Incomes created from tax collection are the foremost financers of the administration spending plan. Subsequently, a diminishing in charges infers that the administration will strain in meeting its consumptions. On the other

23 Secret Santa Gift Ideas Your Coworkers Will Love

23 Secret Santa Gift Ideas Your Coworkers Will Love You probably spend a lot of time with your coworkers, but youre somehow always baffled when it comes to gift-giving.Youre probably not able to pick the right gift for each of them right away. Do you find yourself pondering on the issue for too long?Are you surprised with how much your creativity may fail you when it comes to the tradition of Secret Santa?Even though you may know when your colleagues sleep, how they wake up and what they eat, can you really say that you know what would really really surprise them?You might know a couple of your colleagues well, but what about the rest of them?Lets face it, its impossible to know everyone well, no matter how much time you spent teambuilding.Hopefully, you remembered to google the solutions for the problem because we have the list of classics your colleagues will love and appreciate.Here are a couple of solutions that might help:1. BOX OF CHOCOLATEEstimated Price: $2.00Despite the general opinion that consuming chocolate you are gaining weight and high blood pressure, its not all that grim. Its confirmed that chocolate helps synthesize serotonin, which is known as the hormone of happiness.Even if you dont know your colleagues very well you can be damn sure their mood will be improved and that theyll appreciate the gift. Its a golden classic.2. BOTTLE OF WINEEstimated Price: $5.00We all have that one colleague who likes to relax with a glass (or a bottle of wine) every now and then.Be careful though, if you give this gift to a lady, she might invite you to help her empty the bottle and you know that you shouldnt mix business and pleasure or should you?It can also be a very serious gift if you are giving it to your superior, but in that case, you better buy an expensive one. Here are the top ten wines you can buy.Did we mention that wine also lowers the risk of heart disease? You cant make a mistake with this gift, honestly.3. MOUSE PADEstimated Price: $3.00We all have a gamer or two in our lines. Even ordinary mort als who are not into gaming have the need for a decent mouse pad since not all of our desks are smooth and polished enough for our cursor to flow freely.Not manipulating your cursor effectively can really waste your time and cause frustration at work so this one can work. Here are  the top eight mouse pads  for work and home. There are some cool designs as well.4. COFFEE MUGEstimated Price: $1.00  There are, undoubtedly, serious coffee worshipers in every single office in the world. In relation to that, there are rituals on drinking this productivity juice and coffee mug is an important sacrament in these rituals.By the way, check out these fifty coffee mugs.Be wary of writing on your coffee mug. Its the first thing you see when you start your workday so it can have a prophetic quality or send subliminal messages to program your subconscious mind.5. TRAVEL TOURPrice Range from $50.00This one is more expensive than the others so make sure that its worth it.The proper way to help your coworker after a hard year of work is to give him a tour-card gift.Its a more sentimental gift than that of a product, but that only increases its value. You’re giving your colleague a gift of experience.Remember how we all dreamt of spending our money on traveling the world? Well, something happened and we got caught up in the chase so we never do it anymore.We think about traveling but we choose to spend our money elsewhere. Thats why, with this gift, youll help your colleague get out of his/her comfort zone and experience the joy of travel once again.Here are also the top  eighteen places  to travel if he doesn’t like sun or women.6. SIMPLE EARRINGSEstimated Price: $4.00Earrings are the traditional addition to women’s looks, but men wear it more and more with genders going fluid and stuff. Kidding, it doesnt have to be the gender thing. Sometimes people just like to look cool.By helping them do that you form a specific kind of bond. Its a Secret Santa trend to craft the ea rrings yourself if you want to make it intimate, but if you dont have time to do it, cruise the Internet a little bit.There are hand-crafted earrings all around and some of them are as cool as it gets.Then again, if your team is more on the luxurious side of life, the markets got you covered there as well.7. RINGEstimated Price: $4.00Much like the earrings, a ring can be a piece of jewelry, but there are ways of making it much more than that.You and your teammates can have bro rings to signify your semper fi relationship.On the other hand, rings may often mean intimate commitment so it can be a curveball.Its a good way of reminding your colleague that youre there for them as a friend as well.8. BRACELETPrice: $1.00Bracelets always have some meaning relating to specific types of bonds. Giving this gift to your coworker can mean that you want to bond your friendship on work and become better coworkers.On the other hand, it can be a simple piece of jewelry without the need to philosoph ize on the matter. It can just look good, right?There are cool bracelets you can make yourself or you can buy hand-crafted bracelets online.P.S. Dont think of bracelets as womens accessories only. There are bracelets that are macho asf.9. A PHOTO ALBUMThe Estimated Price of $7This one is an old classic, but since things are going retro, its still popular.Dont just buy an empty photo album though. Fill it up with photos of your team doing different activities together.You probably spend 40 hours a week trapped in the office with those people. There must be tons of photographs in your phones and on social media.Just make those photos… materialize. Things have a different flavor when theyre not virtual. Make those memories count and amass. Its a good teambuilding gift as well.10. ENGRAVED PENEstimated Price: $50.00Shopping for coworkers can be tough. You don’t want to overbuy it, but you also don’t want to be cheap.This gift can be a very special one, but it can also be an impers onal evergreen gift. It depends on what you engrave. It can be a joke that you all laughed to which will remind your colleague of the cool moments you spent together.It can be a powerful punch-line or a saying of some sort as well. 11. BOOKPrice: $20.00Finding the right book for you coworker can be a rough one, but it’s not all that bad. Just make sure that your colleagues like to read before you opt for this one.Itd be a shame for them to use the book you gave them as a decorative piece of furniture.Even if theyre not keen on poetry etc., there are very useful books that all of us should read if we plan on ever learning useful skills.There are numerous business books that you can give to your coworkers that strive towards better careers. Here are the best fifteen business books you can give to your coworker.12. FLOWERSEstimated Price: $10.00Giving flowers fits every situation. Happy or sad it doesn’t matter, flowers can be the perfect gift. Every flower speaks for itself. You s hould know something about the symbolic meaning of the flowers you may choose to give.For example, roses indicate romantic feelings so its not something you wanna give to your boss unless thats exactly what youre aiming for.Pelargonium may be a good option for you as its a traditional present symbolizing true alliance among friends. It doesn’t matter if you are living in a small apartment or house, flowers can give your nest a nicer look.There is perfect online ordering, where you can find any flower you think your coworker will love and all you have to do is use your phone. Your flowers can also be sent to the doorstep of your coworker any day you want.However, the best way to give flowers is to give it yourself they will appreciate you more.Its also for the best for the plants or flowers to be alive. That way youre giving them something to nurture in the times to come.Its not just a product or a thing that youre giving. Youre giving them a chance to devote to something and that is something all of us need to learn how to appreciate.13. GLOVESPrice: $30.00Since more and more people became addicted to smartphones and other touchscreen gadgets, gloves can be ideal for them.It gets rough during winters because you cant type with your gloves on.You can give your colleagues fingerless gloves which can be semi-useful since their fingers will still be in touch with weather or you can buy them the latest gloves since nowadays gloves are being made touchscreen friendlier.If you have gardener among your coworkers you should get them gardening gloves as well.This one works subliminally as well. The general meaning of gloves lies in the fact that they are protecting their wearer.Since you are the one that’s giving it to your coworkers they will feel safer and wormer working with you.14. PILLOWPrice: $20.00There are a lot of reasons that a pillow is an ideal gift for everyone. You don’t have to worry about size because pillows come in all sizes and shapes.Giving the pillow might be a bit odd, but its cool enough, right? Sleep is an important ritual as well.Providing sacraments for sleeping makes you a part of an important everyday experience that your colleagues have.Decent sleep is what everyone dreams about, and pillow is one of the things that can help your coworkers get enough sleep for work.You never know how important it is to have a good pillow until you start having problems with your neck and posture.By providing a good sleep for everyone in the office, you invest in the overall working atmosphere because everyones happy when they get a good night sleep.Its remarkable how much quality sleep can affect the stress levels in your office so, no matter how odd this gift may seem, its bound to pay off sooner or later.Here are  the top seven pillows  that will help your coworkers sleep better. Because having a nice sleep can’t be paid for.15. FITNESS TRACKEREstimated Price: $50.00There are few things that can naturally boost your dopamine levels (dopamine is another happy hormone) and exercise beats them all.However, its not easy to exercise. Its hard to stay put and motivate yourself to push through.Keeping track of your fitness activities is a sure way of knowing where you stand with your results.When it comes to fitness, the logic is simple the amount of work you put in equals the results. When you have the numbers, its not easy to fool yourself anymore. You have only yourself to thank or blame for the results.All of that works to motivate you to succeed and take responsibility in life.A fitness tracker will help your colleagues monitor their activity by making them more alert about their goal of losing weight.They will also start sharing their weekly goals achieved instead of daily complaining. Training with an incredible device will make your coworker more accountable and persistent about their work.It is a great thing for anyone who is trying to improve their lifestyle or just lose weight. All they have to do is stop complaining and start using the device you gave them, and they will be eternally grateful.The positive atmosphere in the office will also skyrocket because there are few things better than fitness when it comes to dopamine.16. SCARFEstimated Price: $15.00When you think about a timeless fashionable gift, scarf must be the first thing crossing your mind. It has been worn for centuries by different nations.Muslim women are wearing it to show their modesty. While in the West people usually wear it as a fashion accessory and a token of luxury.Giving your coworker this type of cloth will make them feel gracious.17. PRINTED SOCKSEstimated Price: $5.00When we were kids we usually received socks from our grandmothers and mothers. There is something unexplainable happening when you get socks. You almost feel like a kid again.Another thing about the socks is that you always seem to lose them somehow. Its like the washing machine eats them or something.Getting your coworker a new pair o f printed socks with a funny line on them can be a perfect gift for them. They are not expensive, but they are thoughtful asf, so thats what counts.There are a lot of articles saying what to wear and what not to wear. Socks are not that popular in those articles so its hard to make a mistake there.It’s not like buying a sweater or a jacket. Getting socks for someone is a lot easier, especially if you know their shoe size, if you don’t you can still buy the most common size.There are various styles of socks but the best ones and the warmest ones are wool socks.Dominant diamond standard in durable and warm footwear! 18. LEATHER BAGEstimated Price: $100.00Giving a leather bag is a gift for the special coworker. It shows that you are in their lives for a long time. It shows you believe in their ambitions for succeeding in the work.Leather bag is considered as a classic which will show them you have good taste even make them feel they have good taste.Its a bit expensive though so go for it only if your salary kicks through the roof.P.S. A backpack is a good idea if youre buying for a male coworker.19. PERFUMEEstimated Price: $50.00Giving perfume shows that you care. It’s a highly thoughtful gift. It’s a gift that your colleagues will be wearing daily and theyll think of you every time they put it on.But that makes it a personal gift so you want to give it to your female coworker or if some of your closest coworkers have a perfume wish-list, this is a perfect gift for them.Be careful not to overstep the line though. General opinion on giving someone a perfume is the affection of your love towards that person.20. A LEATHER NOTEBOOKEstimated Price: $20.00Sometimes you or your coworkers have some great ideas while drinking beer. Tomorrow none of you can remember the ideas. The beer is the cause of them appearing and disappearing from your memory.Leather notebook is the perfect gift for everyone that likes to brainstorm over a pint or two. It is also an inspirat ional gift.All great entrepreneurs and geniuses have had their own notebooks where they kept track of their enterprises.The thing with brilliant minds is that they have so many good ideas that they start to disregard them and they become reckless.Having a cool leather notebook may motivate that brilliant colleague that you may have to actually write something down. It can also make the rookie from your team look more professional. It will make him look like he is taking his job seriously and that is the best way of introducing him to old clients.It is also a great gift for a guy that always forgets the birthdays of his family members. If your coworkers are fashion junkies, it is a great business-fashion addition.21. SCENTED CANDLESEstimated Price: $5.00The workplace usually has a stressful atmosphere. The anxiety levels kick through the roof and you can just smell them in the air.Nowadays there are scented candles with so many individual designs. Finding out the right one for you co worker’s desk is not that hard.All your receiver needs to do is simply look at them or smell their scent and he will feel relieved of stress for at least some time.Candles have a great impact on our working routine. Its a bit contra-intuitive, but they can help cool things down motivate us and makes us stay on top of our game.22. WIRELESS SPEAKEREstimated Price: $40.00Working every day in the same place can be tough and stressful. Everyone needs some type of ventilation and a wireless speaker can help you with that.Whenever your coworker feels pressured music can help. Research conducted by neuroscientists found that music makes us happy by helping the release of Dopamine.Listening to music changes your brains chemistry a great deal.23. UMBRELLAEstimated Price: $15.00When buying a gift there’s a lot to consider.What’s my budget, should it be tech or non-tech? Is it something useful and in which way can my coworker use it?An umbrella might be the perfect thing you give to your coworkers. It comes handy in at least two seasons and its fashionable if you go for that gentlemanly look.People lose umbrellas all the time so you can never have enough of thoseHere are the  ten best umbrellas  the designers offered us this year.CONCLUSIONIt doesn’t matter what you give and what you get, what matter is who you get it from. Christmas is best spent with your family members and your business is most successful if you view your coworkers as family.After all, you do spend almost half of your life with those people (unless you switch positions and companies every now and then).Secret Santa is a good way to spice Christmas and New Years up to and reading this article is a sure way not to suck at this wonderful teambuilding activity.

Status of the UN Security Council - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2617 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? The International court of justice held that it is for non-member states to act in accordance (sic) with those decisions (of the UN security council) ( Namibia Opinion (1971) para.126 ) Introduction The sources of public international law have been articulated within Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice; United Nations Security Council resolutions are not included within this. The Namibia Opinion, despite its suggestion in para.126, cannot be considered an authority for the proposition that Security Council resolutions are binding on non-member States, particularly read within the context of the ICJ judgement as a whole. Nor does the judgement support the view that UN Security Council resolutions are a source of public international law. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Status of the UN Security Council" essay for you Create order More recently, however, there has been some support for the view that certain Security Council resolutions have taken on a legislative character, that the Security Council is becoming a legislature for the World and therefore becoming a law-making body. Not surprisingly, there are a number of States who have expressed concern with this view. This is not least because the Security Council appears to have extensive powers, which having little legal regulation and coupled with the fact that the organisation is highly undemocratic, does not afford the impartiality that is required for such a function. Security Council Resolutions The term resolution has been used in United Nations (UN) practice in a generic sense, but it includes broadly two kinds of statements: recommendations and decisions. When the International Court of Justice (ICJ) refers to Security Council resolutions, it reserves the expression decision for binding resolutions and recommendation for non-binding ones. Security Council resolutions are generally only binding on the addressee, which may be one member, some members, all members, or other UN organs. It can even be binding on those members of the Security Council which voted against it and those members of the United Nations who are not members of the Council. However, with regard to non-UN member states, Oberg has argued that the most coherent interpretation of a difficult passage in the Namibia Opinion rejects any direct binding effect. Therefore, it is argued that despite the ICJ statement in the Namibia opinion in that it is for non-member states to act in accordance (sic) with those decisions (of the UN Security Council), that such resolutions are not binding on non-member states. In general, treaties only bind parties, in accordance with the concept within international law that consent is required to be bound by such obligations. Finally, since almost all States are now members of the UN, it would be hard to find non-member States to be bound in this way. Sources of Public International Law The sources of public international law are articulated within Article 38 (1) of the Statute of the ICJ. These include international conventions, international custom, and general principles. Judicial decisions and academic writings are also subsidiary means of legal interpretation. Therefore, if UN Security Council resolutions are a source of public international law, they must fall within one of these categories. De Brichambaut has explained that since the Security Council adopts resolutions, it can be assumed that it creates norms within the institutional framework that is defined by the UN Charter. However, this does not mean that these norms are source of public international law, but that the Security Council can create rights and obligations with respect to UN member States. The Security Council therefore acts only in accordance with its authority as delineated within the UN Charter. Chapter VII UN Charter The Security Council is a political organ and makes political decisions; however, it does produce resolutions, which have legal consequences. It is a legally effective collective security system, and its activities are defined within Chapter VII of the UN Charter. If the Security Council therefore makes a determination that there has been a threat to peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression under Article 39, it may exercise powers pursuant to Articles 40 to 42 of the UN Charter. Since this concept has no definition within the UN Charter, it gives the Security Council the ability to exercise wide discretion. Once the conditions within Article 39 are satisfied, Article 40 enables the Security Council to impose provisional measures, which are legally binding on States. Article 41 then empowers the Security Council to impose economic or diplomatic sanctions, in order to give effect to the resolution. Finally, Article 42 authorises the Security Council to take action by air, sea or land forces to maintain or restore international peace and security. Therefore, the UN Security Council may appear to be imposing legal sanctions on states, however, the link between the Charter mechanisms for peace maintenance and the concept of legal sanctions is tenuous. The purpose of enforcement action is not: to maintain or restore the law, but to maintain, or restore peace, which is not necessarily identical with the law. Mandatory decisions under Chapter VII, triggered by Article 39, are the outcome of political considerations, not legal reasoning, nor are its proceedings subject to judicial procedures. The determination of what constitutes a threat to peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression is a selective and to a large extent arbitrary process. The Security Council is not required to match the gravity of the situation to its response and it is not required to adopt the measures provided under Chapter VII in any particular order. Therefore, it is hard to con ceive of the Security Council as a law-making body. Advisory Opinion on Namibia In the Namibia Opinion, the ICJ recalled that although non-member States are not bound by Article 24 and 25 of the UN Charter, that they had been called upon in Security Council resolution 276 (1970) to give assistance in the action which has been taken by the United Nations with regards to Namibia. The ICJ went on to say that any state entering into relations with South Africa concerning Namibia, could not expect the UN or its members to recognise such a relationship. Since the UN General Assembly Mandate of South Africa in Namibia had been terminated, and South Africas continued presence in Namibia been declared illegal the ICJ considered that it is for non-member States to act in accordance with those decisions. However, as Gowlland-Debbas has explained that Security Council determinations of illegality and invalidity are essentially declaratory and not intended to create the illegality or nullity of the acts in question. The powers of the Security Council cannot be considere d to be legislative powers therefore, even in a broad sense. As Judge Onyeama emphasised in his separate opinion in the Namibia case, stating: The declaration of illegality of the continued presence of South Africa in Namibia did not itself make such presence illegal; it was a statement of the Security Councils assessment of the legal quality of the situation created by South Africas failure to comply with the General Assemblys resolution it was in fact a judicial determination. Therefore, it is clear that the Security Council does not make the law and therefore its resolutions do not constitute a source of public international law. They do have a role however, in interpreting current law and contribute to the law-making process. Customary International Law Article 38 of the ICJ Statute refers to international custom, as evidence of general practice accepted as law. In the Fisheries case, Judge Read described customary international law as the generalisation of the practice of States. As Crawford has explained, it is the conclusion drawn by someone as to two related questions: (a) is there a general practice; (b) is it accepted as international law? A custom arises therefore when a particular practice has become general. It is considered that the practice of international organisations can constitute one element of State practice. In Libya/Malta Continental Shelf case, the ICJ explained that the substance of customary international law should be sought from State practice and opinio juris of States. Opinio juris may be obtained from General Assembly or Security Council resolutions, if their subject matter is not too restricted to particular circumstances. Therefore, although Security Council Resolutions are not a source of public inte rnational law, they do constitute State practice, which may contribute to customary international law. Treaty Law Article 103 UN Charter provides that obligations of member States under the UN Charter should prevail over other International agreements. Therefore, since Security Council Resolutions are obligations under the UN Charter, these can take precedence over International Treaties. However, Security Council resolutions are created using a very different process to Treaties. In the Kosovo advisory opinion, the ICJ considered factors relating to the interpretation of resolutions of the Security Council. They explained that Security Council resolutions are the product of a voting process provided for in Article 27 of the Charter, and the final text of such resolutions represents the view of the Security Council as a body. Interpretation of Security Council resolutions is also very different to interpretation of Treaties. According to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, the starting point is the intent of the parties, and the best evidence of common intent is the specific langu age of the treaty. In terms of Security Council Resolutions, their implications can be incredibly far reaching, particularly for the State against whom the enforcement measures are being taken. As Frowein has argued: such a resolution is the legal basis for the most severe encroachment upon the sovereignty of a member of the United Nations. Therefore, although such resolutions have considerable impact and may even take precedence over Treaty law, they are essentially only a source of rights and obligations for member States of the UN and not a source of public international law. Security Council as Lawmaker Despite the fact that Security Council Resolutions cannot be considered to be sources of international law, there are many areas where the Security Council has made significant contributions to the body of international law. These areas have been enumerated by Michael Wood and include statehood: recognition and non-recognition; the law of treaties; State responsibility; international criminal law; international humanitarian law; international human rights law; and the international administration of territory. Reference has been made to the Security Council as a World Legislature and it has been suggested that a new legislative stage started with the adoption of Resolution 1373 on September 28, 2001. The president of the UN Security Council, in referring to the planned adoption of Resolution 1540 of April 28, 2004, described the ongoing consultation process for that resolution as the first major step towards having the Security Council legislate for the rest of the United Nation s membership. Krisch has even gone so far as to say that [b]y means of its enforcement powers, the Security Council has in fact replaced the conventional law-making process on the international level. Talmon has claimed that the hallmark of any international legislation is the general and abstract character of the obligation imposed. He suggests that Security Resolutions are framed in this manner. For example Resolution 1390, relating to the freezing of Al Qaeda assets, exhibit the characteristics of the legislative or generic resolution. This kind of resolution has also been referred to as a resolution, not in response to a particular fact situation. Therefore, it is argued that these resolutions are similar to obligations entered into states as international agreements. These new legislative or generic resolutions therefore have been referred to as international legislation. At the same time, there are those who express concern at the Security Councils increasing tendency to assume new and wider powers on behalf of the international community, by passing resolutions which are binding on all member States. There are others who express the opinion that the Council has no such legislative authority, claiming that the purported enactment of global legislation is not consistent with the provisions of the United Nations Charter. There may be some justification in these concerns, after all the UN Security Council is a political institution and not a legal one. It is also a highly undemocratic and has few legal constraints upon its own actions. Therefore, if it is the case that UN Security Council Resolutions are making their way into the realms of public international law via this route, then this appears to be a dangerous step. Conclusion The ICJs Namibia Opinion did not make Security Council resolutions binding on non-member states. Although paragraph 126 has been referred to as a difficult paragraph, taking the judgement as a whole it is hard to arrive at this conclusion. It is also clear that this judgment did not impact upon Security Council resolutions status as a source of public international law. Although such resolutions may add to the body of state practice which influences the development of customary international law, these resolutions cannot be considered law in themselves. Nevertheless, there is a growing body of opinion that has spoken of the legislative function of the Security Council and has identified certain generic or legislative resolutions. Some UN Member States have expressed the view that these are the beginnings of a legislative function within the Security Council. There are clear dangers in recognising this view, the Security Council is first and foremost a political and not a law making body and appears to lack the impartiality required to fulfil such a function. References Cases Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 2010, 404 Fisheries (UK V Norway). ICJ Reports 1951 Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1971 https://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/53/5595.pdf accessed 15th February 2013 Libya/Malta Continental Shelf case, ICJ Reports 29-30 Books Crawford, James Brownlies Principles of Public International Law, 8th edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012 p.23 De Brichambaut, Marc Perrin, The role of the UN Security Council, in Michael Byers (Ed.) The Role of Law in International Politics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000 Dixon, Martin, McCorquodale, Robert and Williams,Sarah, Cases and Materials on International Law, 5th edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011 Harris, David J. Cases and Materials on International Law, 7th edition, Sweet Maxwell, London, 2010 Kelsen, Hans, Law of the United Nations: A Critical Analysis of its Fundamental Problems, The Lawbook Exchange, New Jersey, 2000 OBrien, John, International Law Abingdon, Routledge-Cavendish, 2009 Walter, Christian, VÃÆ' ¶neky, Silja, RÃÆ' ¶ben, Volker and Schorkopf, Frank (eds) Terrorism as a challenge for National and International Law: Security versus liberty? Springer, Heidelberg, 2004 Journal Articles Gowlland-Debas, Vera, Security Council enforcement action and issues of state responsibility, (1994) 43(1) International Comparative Law Quarterly, 55-98 ÃÆ'–berg, Marco Divac, The legal effects of resolutions of the UN Security Council and General Assembly on the jurisprudence of the ICJ (2005) , 16(5) European Journal of International Law, 879-906 Talmon, Stefan, The Security Council as World Legislature, (2005) 99(1) American Journal of International Law, 175-193 Yee, Sienho, The dynamic interplay between the interpreters of Security Council à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °resolutions. (2012) 11(4) Chinese Journal of International law, 613-622 Web References Press Briefing, Press Conference by Security Council President https://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2004/pleugerpc.DOC.htm accessed 15th February 2013 UN Doc. S/PV 4950 https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Chap%20VII%20SPV%204950.pdf accessed at 15th February 2013 Wood, Michael, The UN Security Council and International Law: The Legal Framework of the Security Council, Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Lectures, First Lecture, 7th November 2006 https://www.lcil.cam.ac.uk/Media/lectures/pdf/2006_hersch_lecture_1.pdf accessed 13th February 2013 Wood, Michael, The UN Security Council and International Law: The Security Council and the use of Force, Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Lectures, Third Lecture, 9th November 2006 https://www.lcil.cam.ac.uk/Media/lectures/pdf/2006_hersch_lecture_3.pdf accessed 13th February 2013

Sociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills - 942 Words

Sociological imagination according to C. Wright Mills (1959) â€Å"enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals† (p.5) Mills in this book of The Sociological Imagination explains how society shapes the people. Mills wants people to be able to use sociological imagination to see things in a sociology point of view, so they can know the difference between personal troubles versus personal issues. Personal troubles and public issues help understand the historical and social structures. Personal troubles are within the person’s private life in which the person may feel threatened to share with others (p.8). Personal issues affect everyone because its consider being a â€Å"public matter† it affects not only the person but society. C. Mills Wright considers personal troubles a private matter because of how the individual cherishes their values and they feel that they can be threatened. Two personal troubles that I have are stress and family problems. When it comes to stress its more about freaking out about every little thing. For example, school plays a big factor in my personal troubles, that I call stress for the reason that I personally feel like I don’t study enough or I over think it. Days prior to test I stress out since I know what to expect, which is to freak out and over think what I’ve studied. Some may feel that stress is easy to get over, but at times it has moreShow MoreRelatedThe Sociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills857 Words   |  4 PagesThe sociological imagination is simply the act of having the capacity to think ourselves away from the commonplace schedules of our day by day lives keeping in mind the end goal to take a gander at them with a new perspective. C. Wright Mi lls, who made the idea and composed a book about it, characterized the sociological creative ability as the clear attention to the connection amongst encounter and the more extensive society. The sociological imagination is the capacity to see things sociallyRead MoreSociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills969 Words   |  4 Pages C. Wright Mills defined sociological imagination as the awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society. Understanding and being able to exercise the sociological imagination helps us understand the relationship between the individual and society. Mills focuses on the distinction between personal troubles and public issues. Having sociological imagination is critical for individual people and societies at large to understand. It is important that people areRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination : C. Wright Mills907 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual s life a person will experience what C. Wright Mills refers to as the trap. The trap alludes to a person that can only see and understand their own small scope of life. Their frame of reference is limited to their day to day life and personal experiences that are directly related to them, they cannot see the bigger picture. They do not yet know that the sociological imagination can set them free from this trap and as C. Wright Mills said, In many ways it is a terrible lesson; in manyRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills1315 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society. This is its task and its promise.† C. Wright Mills writes about the sociological imagination in an attempt to have society become aware of the relationship between one’s personal experience in comparison to the wider society. By employing the sociological imagination into the real world, individuals are forced to perceive, from a neutral position, so cial structures that, inRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills986 Words   |  4 PagesMills Chapter Summary â€Å"Yet Men do not usually define the troubles they endure in terms of historical change and institution contradiction.† Stated from chapter one of â€Å"The Classic Readings in Sociology† which was based on â€Å"The Sociology Imagination† by C. Wright Mills. As our Sociology 131 class study the works of C. Wright Mills, we learn and examine his views. We learn how he view other things such as marriage, war, and the limitations of men. His view of war is that both sides playRead MoreSociological Imagination, By C. Wright Mills Essay1611 Words   |  7 PagesI SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION CONCEPTUALIZATION As conceived by C. Wright Mills, sociological imagination is the mental ability to establish intelligible relations among social structure and personal biography that is observing and seeing the impact of society over our private lives. Sociological imagination helps an individual to understand on a much larger scale the meaning and effect of society on of one’s daily life experience. People blame themselves for their own personal problems and they themselvesRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination, By C. Wright Mills799 Words   |  4 Pages The sociological imagination, a concept used by C. Wright Mills, is essentially the ability to perceive a situation or act in a much larger social context as well as examining the situation or act from many perspectives. In particular, it plays a paramount role in Donna Gaines Teenage Wasteland. It is a tragic story of 4 teens who together, committed suicide. The teens were deemed as â€Å"dropouts, druggies† [Teenage Wasteland 8.2 ] by newspapers and were still treated with disdain even after theirRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination : C. Wright Mills1822 Words   |  8 PagesC. Wright Mills defines the sociological imagination as, â€Å"what they need, and what they feel they need, is a quality of mind that will help them to use information and to develop reason in order to achieve lucid summations of what is going on in the world and of what may be happening within themselves†. Mills also says that the sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society. When I read Chapter One: The Promise from C. WrightRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination, By C. Wright Mills1692 Words   |  7 Pagesentire life, can be determined by examining his or her intellect, high school performance, and talents. However, C. Wright Mills proposes a new approach to this idea in his work, â€Å"The Promise.† Mills presents an idea known as the sociological imagination, which examines society on a larger scale to better grasp an individual’s life circumstances (Mills 2). The sociological imagination examines the role of social forces on the lives of individuals (Butler-Sweet, September 5, 2017). For example,Read MoreSociological Imagination, By C. Wright Mills1762 Words   |  8 Pages 10/11/2017 ID 100602667 Soc. 1 FY40 Sociological Imagination The Sociological Imagination, by C. Wright Mills, was a statement that questioned the developing field of sociology, challenging sociologists and the public to take seriously the rise of elites and the decline of American democracy, American community, and American equality. Mills argues that the sociological imagination is a quality of mind necessary to the understanding of the human condition

Family Life Course Development Free Essays

Family Life Course Development Focus Scope Assumptions These are the assumptions that provide the foundation for Family Life Course Development Theory. 1. Developmental processes are inevitable and important in understanding families. We will write a custom essay sample on Family Life Course Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now – Individual family members, Interaction between family members, Structure of family, and The norms composing expectations about family roles all change over time. These changing roles and expectations for different stages of family are viewed as essential to an understanding of the family. . The family group is affected by all the levels of analysis. Social system (Institutional norms and conventions about the family) e. g. legal expectations like child abuse laws Aggregate Clusters (Families and norms structured by class and ethnicity) Social group – Family Sub-group – Relationships (e. g. Husband -Wife, Siblings, etc. ) Individual These general social norms represent the level of analysis of the family as a social institution. This institutional level of analysis is generally the one we refer to when we talk about â€Å"The Family† and is the level on which we often conduct cross-cultural comparisons (the U. S. family compared with the Japanese family). 3. Time is Multi-Dimensional Periodicity – An equal interval of time between each event on the clock. (e. g. jewel movements of a wrist watch‘s gears) However, our experience of time is perhaps not as regimented as periodicity would lead us to believe. Social Process Time- Family and personal experiences are used as a separate way to divide up time. (e. g. â€Å"When we first married† or â€Å"Before your sister was born†) Social norms are tied more closely to this social process dimension of time than to calendar or wristwatch time. Subsequently, for Family Life Course Development Theory, the family process dimension of time is critical to understanding and explaining family change because it provides the marker events for analyses. (E. g. births, weddings, deaths, etc. ) How to cite Family Life Course Development, Essays

The Art of Technical Ghostwriting - The Writers For Hire

THE ART OF TECHNICAL GHOSTWRITING One of the most challenging aspects of technical writing is communicating effectively with a subject matter expert (or SME, commonly pronounced as one word â€Å"smee†). SMEs have the knowledge that the technical writer must extract and translate into useful publications, such as documents, videos, webinars, classroom courses, and marketing collateral. In some cases, the technical writer conducts interviews with a SME to gather the appropriate information. In many other cases, the technical writer proofreads, edits and restructures documents that a SME has authored. This process is similar to a writer who converts the rough draft of a celebrity’s autobiography into a publishable book. In this regard, we can think of a technical writer as a technical ghostwriter. To succeed in this process, the technical writer must be able to understand and assimilate what is often highly complex subject matter. However, a more important prerequisite for success might be the ability to manage interpersonal communications. According to Sandra Williams, a long-time senior technical writer and instructional designer with Hewlett-Packard Inc., â€Å"effective communications with SMEs is more about managing the relationships than about procuring the material.† So for the purpose of eliciting information from SMEs, technical ghostwriting may be considered more of an art than a science. The following are methods that some of my colleagues and I have found useful in our many years of practicing the art of technical ghostwriting. Managing Communications with SMEs You may be wondering how a technical ghostwriter can improve your chances of obtaining highly effective marketing and training deliverables from your SMEs. Here are a few tips and tricks, my colleagues and I have found useful: Timing is everything. I once worked with a SME who was very busy throughout the day until about 4 P.M. By then the SME was so tired, he would need a Mountain Dew (his favorite soft drink) for refreshment. So, I would schedule our meetings for 4 P.M., and I would bring two cans of Mountain Dew along. It might sound a little corny, but we had much more effective information exchanges thereafter, than we had before I knew the SME’s routine and preferences. There is no ‘one size fits all’ when it comes to SME communication. The writer should determine the SME’s preferred form of communication and use it as the first option when contacting the SME. Some people respond more readily to e-mails, some to text messages, some to phone calls, and some to in-person visits. Of course, at times SMEs will be unresponsive, especially when they are busy or under deadline pressure. Many technical writers have experienced a SME avoiding them, so writers should be persistent and resourceful. Sandy Rogers, a Principal Technical Writer with Hewlett-Packard Inc., likes to tag a SME on Skype so she is most likely to make contact at a mutually convenient time. SMEs are more likely to help the writer, if they like the writer. It’s human nature.   An effective writer uses people skills to foster personal relationships, so that SMEs are more likely to prioritize their mutual projects. Sandy Rogers puts it like this: â€Å"I like to personalize my interactions with SMEs. They are people too, and they have interesting lives, both in and out of work. I usually begin an interview by asking how they’re doing in general, and also how they think the project is going. This provides an opportunity for them to vent any frustrations they may have, or to take a moment and reflect on a personal story. I find that this approach tends to improve rapport and makes it easier to elicit the project information that I need.†Ã‚   Sandra Williams agrees: â€Å"No matter how much I need a review done, I try not to open a conversation by asking if anyone has looked at the material yet. I always ask how everyone is doing first.† A little bragging goes a long way. Many SMEs have had poor relationships with unqualified writers in the past.   Especially when working on a new project, a writer should consider providing the SMEs with a summary of their qualifications and competencies. For example, Sandy Rogers started her career as a Call Center technician. She has detailed technical knowledge to the circuit board level, as well as first-hand knowledge of typical customer service issues. Sandy finds that this experience sets a comfort level with fellow technical professionals. She is able to speak the SMEs’ language in addition to translating their specifications into effective documentation. There is no substitute for proper preparation. The writer should be fully prepared before a meeting with a SME. The writer should know exactly what to obtain from that meeting. The preparation should include a meeting agenda and objectives. The writer should mark up any manuscript drafts to notate those areas that require further discussion. SMEs have feelings too. Good technical writers must have tact in their tool bags. With diverse multicultural work forces, English is very often not a SME’s primary language. It might not be their secondary language either. In these cases, avoid being overly critical of the SME’s grammar or wording. The writer can function as a coach and as a mentor to help those SMEs become more conversant in English. It will be appreciated, it will make the writer’s job easier, and it will result in more effective content. Focus on mutual goals. Another important attribute for an effective ghostwriter is to be positive and encouraging. Even those of us for whom English is our primary language know how discouraging it can be to work long and hard on an assignment without any positive feedback. A positive attitude encourages the SME to persist in what can be a lengthy and sometimes tedious writing process. A good writer constantly reminds a SME that the finished product is more of a credit to the SME than to the writer. Templates are tools, not substitutes for SME-writer communication. Many of our clients use standardized templates to encourage SMEs to provide all of the required information, especially for technical specifications. A template works well to focus a SME on furnishing all of the significant details. It can also relieve the writer of some of the restructuring and reformatting that might be necessary in the absence of any such turnkey solution. Very often, however, due to time constraints and deadline pressure, a SME will not prioritize the writing function. In these cases, rather than adding more pressure for a SME, Sandra Williams might offer to complete the template herself. â€Å"I’ll schedule a convenient time for us to sit down for an interview, and I’ll use the template as a guide to get the right information. This saves time in the document conversion process too, as I’ve already asked many of the questions that I would have had if I was reading a spec the SME wrote.† Consider mini reviews. While it is a constant temptation for writers to try to secure lengthy blocks of uninterrupted writing time, it can be more efficient for some SMEs to write and review smaller pieces of content at a time. Otherwise, reviewers can get bogged down or discouraged reviewing longer tracts. Moreover, it is often difficult for reviewers to set aside a solid block of review time, so â€Å"chunking† the content into smaller review cycles can encourage more effective feedback. It’s all about the SME. Rather than trying to push all SMEs into providing large amounts of information upfront, a considerate writer will take each SME’s personal circumstances into consideration. For example, years ago I wrote a detailed, somewhat verbose message to introduce myself to a far-flung SME whom I had never met. I received the following verbatim response from the SME: That was the very succinct response, and that’s what we did. I wrote and the SME read. Over time, we were able to overcome the geographic, linguistic and cultural differences between us to create a useful set of documents that contributed to the successful release of the product. The role of the technical writer At the end of the day, the technical ghostwriter is an advocate for your customers and end users.Tweet this Technical SMEs are highly skilled professionals who are motivated to develop the best possible products, but that is their priority: product development. Without the role of the technical writer, the end user experience can easily get lost in the development process. The celebrity ghostwriter translates a subject’s life experiences into an enjoyable story. The technical ghostwriter translates complex technical content into cogent and effective instructions that make technical products easier to learn and easier to use, while enhancing the user’s ability to integrate those products into their own work and life experiences. In sum, the technical ghostwriter is telling the story of the fabulous products the SMEs are developing. Technical ghostwriting is the art of procuring SME source material, in its myriad forms, and transforming it into highly readable and effective documentation, marketing collateral, and training. That’s it in a nutshell.   That’s what we do.

Womanist - Alice Walkers Term for Black Feminist

Womanist - Alice Walkers Term for Black Feminist A black feminist or feminist of color, according to Alice Walker, who first publicly used the term; someone who is committed to the wholeness and well-being of all of humanity, male and female.  Womanism identifies and  critically  analyzes  sexism, anti-black racism, and their intersection. Womanism  recognizes the beauty and strength of embodied black womanhood and seeks connections and solidarity  with black men. Womanism identifies and criticizes sexism in the African American community and racism in the feminist community. Origins Alice Walker introduced the word â€Å"womanist† into feminist parlance in her 1983 book In Search of Our Mothers Gardens: Womanist Prose. In the book, she cites the phrase â€Å"acting womanish,† which was said to a child who acted serious, courageous and grown-up rather than girlish. Many women of color in the 1970s had sought to expand the feminism of the Women’s Liberation Movement beyond its concern for the problems of white middle-class women. The adoption of womanist signified an inclusion of race and class issues in feminism. Alice Walker also used womanist to refer to a woman who loves other women, whether platonically or sexually. Walker used examples from history including educator and activist Anna Julia Cooper and abolitionist and womens rights activist Sojourner Truth. She also used examples from current activism and thought, including writers bell hooks and Audre Lorde, as examples of womanists. The term â€Å"womanist† is thus both an alternative to and an expansion of the term â€Å"feminist.† Womanist Theology Womanist theology centers the experience and perspective of black women in research, analysis, and reflection on theology and ethics.  The term arose in the 1980s as more African American women entered the theological field and questioned that white feminist and black male theologians spoke adequately to the particular experience of African American women. Womanist theology, like womanism in general, also looks at the ways in which black women are portrayed in inadequate or biased ways in the works of white women and black men. Quotes About Womanism Alice Walker: Womanist is to feminist as purple is to lavendar. Angela Davis:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"What can we learn from women like Gertrude Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday that we may not be able to learn from Ida B. Wells, Anna Julia Cooper, and Mary Church Terrell? If we were beginning to appreciate the blasphemies of fictionalized blues women- especially their outrageous politics of sexuality- and the knowledge that might be gleaned from their lives about the possibilities of transforming gender relations within black communities, perhaps we also could benefit from a look at the artistic contributions of the original blues women.† Audre Lorde: But the true feminist deals out of a lesbian consciousness whether or not she ever sleeps with women. Yvonne Aburrow:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The patriarchal/kyriarchal/hegemonic culture seeks to regulate and control the body- especially women’s bodies, and especially black women’s bodies- because women, especially black women, are constructed as the Other, the site of resistance to the kyriarchy. Because our existence provokes fear of the Other, fear of wildness, fear of sexuality, fear of letting go- our bodies and our hair (traditionally hair is a source of magical power) must be controlled, groomed, reduced, covered, suppressed.†Ã‚   Womanist Writings: A Selection bell hooks  Aint I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism. 1981.Walker.  In Search of Our Mothers Gardens: Womanist Prose.  1983.Paula J. Giddings.  When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America.  1984.Angela Y. Davis.  Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday.  1998.Barbara Smith.  Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology.  1998.Nyasha Junior.  An Introduction to Womanist Biblical Interpretation. 2015.

Still More Words That Turn on the Root Vert

Still More Words That Turn on the Root Vert Still More Words That Turn on the Root Vert Still More Words That Turn on the Root Vert By Mark Nichol Two recent posts (here and here) dealt with many of the English words based on the Latin verb vertere, meaning â€Å"turn,† focusing on those based on the root vert. This follow-up post defines some additional words in the vertere family: those with the root vers. Versus (abbreviated vs. or, in legal contexts, v.) comes directly from the Latin adverb meaning â€Å"so as to face† and means â€Å"against† or â€Å"in contrast to.† As a Latin noun, versus meant â€Å"furrow† or â€Å"row,† alluding to how a plow was turned at the end of each row, and later acquired the sense of a line and a line of writing, hence verse. That word pertains to a line of metrical writing, a poem in particular or poetry in general, a stanza (one of two or more sections of a poem) or a similar segment of a song, or a brief division of the Bible. Interestingly, an antonym of verse in the sense of â€Å"poetry,† prose, which refers to more loosely structured forms of writing that resemble speech- and to ordinary written and spoken language or, pejoratively, something dull or ordinary (described with the adjective prosaic and the adverb prosaically)- is a contraction of proversus, meaning â€Å"turned forward.† Prose itself functions also as an adjective (as in â€Å"prose poem,† referring to a hybrid form of writing) and as a verb. Verso (â€Å"the page being turned†) means â€Å"left-hand page† or â€Å"reverse side of a page.† (The opposite term is recto.) â€Å"Vice versa,† taken directly from Latin, means â€Å"with the order turned.† Versatile (from versatilis, meaning â€Å"able to or capable of turning† or â€Å"operated by turning†) usually describes being able to turn from one thing to another, such as two distinct skills, or having variability or various applications; such a quality is called versatility. In biology, it describes free movement of an appendage or segment of an animal or plant. Version, borrowed directly from the medieval Latin verb meaning â€Å"act of turning,† refers to a variation of a description of something or a type of something, and in medicine pertains to an organ of the body turned from its normal position or to the turning of a fetus during childbirth to facilitate delivery. Anniversary literally means â€Å"year turning† and describes a recurrence of a date, whether annual or on some other scale, or refers to a celebration of such a date. Adverse, which literally means â€Å"turn against,† refers to an action or attitude that is harmful, hostile, or unfavorable; an adversary is an enemy or opponent. Malversation, literally â€Å"bad turn,† pertains to corruption or a corrupt government administration. Obverse (literally, â€Å"turned toward†) means â€Å"facing† or â€Å"opposite† but also describes something wider at the top than at the base. Transverse means â€Å"placed across† or pertains to something so positioned, while traverse means â€Å"travel across or over,† â€Å"move or pass along or through,† â€Å"examine,† or â€Å"survey†; in legal contexts, it means â€Å"deny† or â€Å"oppose.† As a noun, it describes a course or crossing or other movement, or an obstacle or something that crosses. Universe, from universus, meaning â€Å"whole,† describes, in contexts ranging from astronomy to philosophy, the entirety of existence or experience, or something similarly comprehensive or of great quantity; the adjectival form is universal, and the noun describing the quality or state of comprehensiveness is universality. The related term university, derived from the Latin phrase universitas magistrorum et scholarium (essentially, â€Å"community of teachers and scholars†), refers to an institution of higher learning, often composed of several colleges, schools, or other divisions. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 "Home" Idioms and ExpressionsCapitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and MovementsIs "Number" Singular or Plural?

Huey P. Newton and the Black Panther Party Research Paper

Huey P. Newton and the Black Panther Party - Research Paper Example With the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965, there was a vacuum as far as the leadership of the underprivileged blacks was concerned. This was filled with the arrival of the Black Panther Party on the scene. The establishment of the political party was done by Huey P Newton and Bobby G. Seale, in Oakland (Jeffries x, 2002). While the party may not have lasted too long and may not seem to have done much, the truth is that in certain pockets of the nation, it did improve the living conditions of the African American community. They helped in improving the self-esteem of the members of this community in a place like Oakland. In a place like Oakland, the energies of the African American male youth were dissipated and untapped. One of the most important achievements of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton was to attempt to harness these energies into one single channel- the betterment of the race and to stand up to racist behavior from people in seats of authority. Newton speaks of his own experiences of having been a criminal in his essay â€Å"scoring†. The path of crime is not, according to Newton, one that every black man needs to take but the structural forces in American society often did force African American youths to take up this path. He argues that white communities in America committed burglary at a larger level, by taking what was rightfully the property of the African American community. He argues that the proclivity that street youth display for drugs and crime is related primarily to their inability to validate themselves. He cites his reading of existential philosophy as one of the reasons as to why he is able to decode the reasons as to why the black youth behaved the way they did in society (28-32, 2002). Another important contribution of the Black Panther Party to Oakland was the fact that they had organized the youth of this place into a force. Bobby Seale speaks of the poverty alleviation programs that were put in place in Oakland during the heyday of the Black Panthers Party in his book, Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton. He argues that these programs were beneficial to the community because they created awareness in the community regarding the opportunities that they could seize rather than wait for. The objective of the program would be, according to Seale, the eradication of poverty. One of the main ways in which Seale and Newton sought to do this in the Oakland area was to create awareness about Black history. He says, My objective in the program was to teach Black American History if I could, and teach them also some degree of responsibility; not teach them responsibility in old Establishment terms, but in terms of their own people living in the community (35). The Panthers’ solution to the problem of poverty among the Black community of Oakland was to trace the history of the African American community and enable them to understand the structural reasons fo r their poverty. They were made to also understand that problems of drinking and cards were eroding the values of their society without leading to prosperity. The main problem that haunted the blacks was, according to the Panthers, American capitalism which led to the upliftment of a few blacks while leaving the rests in doldrums (MIA: History: USA: The Black Panther P

Case Study about Tourism in Kuala Lumpur Term Paper

Case Study about Tourism in Kuala Lumpur - Term Paper Example Is it to explore the new countries and the historical monuments? Or, to get rid off from the daily hectic life? The tourism industry generates many business opportunity for the citizen of the country, it also generates different employment opportunities which leads to the improvement of the GDP. For the Asian countries the Malaysia has been one of the main tourist destinations and Kuala Lumpur has always been the main attractions in Malaysia. There are many diversified tourism have shown up in the recent advancement of the tourism industry and few of the most promising kinds are Wine tourism, medical tourism, education tourism and job tourism. The new paradigm of tourism industry has emerges with a brand new look. And for this enormous effect of the tourism the globalised world will hire more people to sustain the high quality services for the tourism. 2 The Expectation Theory plays a vital role to understand why people love tourism. This theory portrays that the social behavior and the communication are very much influenced by people’s expectation about the behaviors of other The tourism has grown from the psychological pursuits of few privileged individuals to a mass. The tourism has become the mass movement to discover the unknown.5 Kuala Lumpur is having the rich natural beauty and dense forest, advanced education structure, ultimate shopping experiences, the rich cultural historical values and obviously the ultimate business opportunity. Culture: The culture is one of the important socio-economic factors in the Kuala Lumpur for the success of its fabulous tourism industry. The Kuala Lumpur is the cultural center of peninsular Malaysia. The art style has a rich cultural attachment in Kuala Lumpur 6. The main dominating cultures in Kuala Lumpur are Malays, Chinese and Indians 7. There is a great barrier of the present as far as the religion in concern. However, the effect of Islamic ideology has become the central element in the Malay

Curriculum Steiner Montessori

Curriculum Steiner Montessori Introduction As with most things in education, there is no agreed definition of ‘curriculum’. The way we understand and theorise it has altered over the years. A useful starting point for us here might be the definition offered by John Kerr and taken up by Vic Kelly in his standard work on the subject. Kerr (Kelly 1999, p.10) defines curriculum as ‘All the learning which is planned and guided by school, whether it is carried on in groups or individually, inside or outside school.’ There are many theorists who have studied child development and have designed curriculum’s from their own theories which they think will offer the best learning environment. This report will only examine three of various current curricula but offers an insight of how there is no real right or wrong way of how a child learns. The report will take a look at the ‘Steiner Method’, the ‘Montessori Method’, and finally it will discuss the ‘High Scope Method’, a more recently developed method. It will also provide examples on how some of the ideas of these methods are being incorporated into other childcare settings and curriculums. The Steiner Method There is over eight hundred Steiner schools world wide. The Steiner method is based on the philosophies of Rudolf Steiner and the education emphasises personal responsibility and social awareness. The central aim of the education is to equip young people emotionally, spiritually and intellectually, not only to meet the future but to play an important part in shaping it. According to Steiner’s philosophy, man is a threefold being of spirit, soul, and body whose capacities unfold in three developmental stages on the path to adulthood: early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Steiner education differs from the mainstream in a number of ways. In a Steiner school there is no Hierarchy, teachers and parents work along together. Children do not start formal education until they are six or seven years old and they then stay with the same teacher for seven years. The teacher works with the student’s parents, often visiting the family home to allow parental involvement. Classrooms are filled with natural and organic materials. In a Steiner nursery, children typically play with simple unfinished, wooden toys rather than bright plastic ones, to allow their imaginations to develop. A Steiner classroom would have few books and few computers. The Steiner philosophy dictates that screen images hinder the development of thought and imagination. Colour is important to Steiners educational philosophy for helping childrens imagination to thrive so pupils are instructed carefully as to how to proceed through the colour spectrum (Lewis 2001). The huge difference between the Steiner method and other methods is that learning is directed by the teacher rather than the child. There is a huge emphasis on creativity and teachers will show children how and what materials they use. Teachers stress physical development through a ritualised dance form called eurhythmy. Another primary principle of the Steiner method is children do not start reading until their adult teeth have erupted, usually around age seven, which, according to Steiner, shows the child’s readiness to start formal education. Delayed reading is one of the most controversial issues surrounding Steiner education, and there is concern from some educators that children may miss out on their literacy and reading â€Å"windows† (Mogensen 2004). The Steiner method is one that is hugely different to other methods used in Nurseries and schools; therefore it is sometimes difficult to see similarities in other educational institutions. However you can see similar theories in the Montessori Method. The use of natural materials and the calm setting is one of the main principles that link the two methods. I have seen this in place at a Montessori primary school. The school was very quiet, and lots of toys and learning materials were made of wood and other natural materials. The school also adopted some of the creative ideas that Steiner follow. They let the children make their own story books instead of reading published books with ‘ready-made’ images, which encourages the child to use their imagination more widely. I think this is a great idea, as children are not tainted by a particular image of a person, animal, object or environment. Kettle Nursery, who follow a 3-5 curriculum, hold regular meetings with parents to inform them of their child’s development, and they also give parents opportunities to observe their child in the nursery. This promotes parental involvement, which is another of Steiner’s main principles. The Montessori Method The Montessori Method is an educational method for children, based on theories of child development originated by an Italian educator, Maria Montessori. The method accommodates all ages of children but it is applied primarily in preschool and elementary schools. It is an alternative type of method that harnesses the child’s natural ability to learn and is built upon the idea that children develop and think differently than adults. The Montessori Method supports all aspects of the Childs personal and social development. â€Å"From the moment the child enters the classroom, each step in his education is seen as a progressive building block, ultimately forming the whole person, in the emergence from childhood to adulthood. All focus is on the needs of the child† (Hainstock 1997, p.xiii). One distinguishing feature of the Montessori at the preschool age is that children direct their own learning, choosing among the sections of a well structured and stocked classroom including practical life, sensorial, Language, Math, Geography, Science and Art. The â€Å"Practical Life† area is especially for the very young child and teaches them how to care for themselves and their environment. Here, a child will learn to dress themselves, to pour, to wash a table, and to properly wash their hands, among other things. The â€Å"Sensorial† area allows them to use their senses to learn about the world. Here, a child will learn to judge different heights, lengths, weights, colors, sounds, smells, shapes, and textures. The language, math, geography and science areas provide a child with aids for their intellectual development. Exercises in body movement assist their physical development and their awareness of their body and what it can do. Many Montessori schools add such areas as music, art, dancing, sewing, wood-working and foreign languages to further enrich a child’s total development (Montessori 1912). In a Montessori school, a child teaches himself through their use of the specially designed Montessori materials. These are attractive, generally simple, child-sized materials that are self-correcting, that is, if a child makes an error, they can see it by looking at the material itself in this way; no adult is needed to point out their mistake and perhaps injure their self-esteem. The child learns to work alone and with others in a Montessori school. A child learns to follow the class â€Å"ground rules† and may often remind other children to follow them as well. Because they can choose their own work and do it at their own pace, a child has many opportunities for success; the Montessori classroom is non-competitive. They will also have access to plants and animals and will help care for them. The Montessori classroom is an attractive place in which a child can be free from adult domination and can discover their world and build their mind and body. The Montessori Method is unique. It is based on a sensible balance between freedom and structure specifically designed for the young child. It provides a pleasant environment with carefully devised materials that meet the child’s natural needs. It provides the overall guidance of a thoroughly trained teacher. The role of the teacher is to introduce children to materials and remain a â€Å"silent presence† (Montessori 1912, p.371) in the classroom. Montessori gives a child a strong basis, in their most formative years, for developing into a well-rounded, responsible, happy and fulfilled adult. From my experience in Kettle nursery, I can see how the curriculum incorporates some of the ideas that the Montessori Method follows. For instance, the children are fully encouraged to do things for themselves, and lead their own play and learning. The adult is to only serve as an assistant by supporting and extending their learning through play. They are also encouraged to clean up after themselves; washing up their snack dishes, cleaning the tables and tidying away materials once they have finished using them this is a very similar idea to the Montessori’s practical life idea. Another activity that allows children to experience practical life is when as soon as they enter the nursery they are expected to remove their outside clothing and shoes themselves, and at the end of the day they are expected to put it back on themselves. The High Scope Method The High Scope curriculum was developed in the United States of America in the 1960’s. It is one of the most common methods used there and in some other countries. The idea behind High Scope is that children should be involved actively in their own learning. The adults working with the children should see themselves more as facilitators than supervisors. The High Scope method is an â€Å"active learning† approach. This means students have direct hands on experience with people, objects, events and ideas. Children’s interests and choices are at the heart of High Scope based programs. They construct their own knowledge through interactions with the world and the people around them. Children take the first step in the learning process by making choices and following through on their plans and decisions. Teachers and parents offer physical, emotional and intellectual support. In active learning settings adults expand children’s thinking with diverse materials and nurturing interactions. High Scope has unique features that differentiate it from other early childhood programs. One is the daily plan-do-review sequence. Research shows that planning and reviewing are the two components of the program day most positively and significantly associated with children’s scores on measurements of developmental progress. This three-part sequence is unique to the High/Scope approach. It includes a short small group discussion during which children plan what they want to do during work time (the area to visit, materials to use and friends to play with). They are then given to time to carry out their plans and then they meet up again for another group discussion for reviewing what they have done and what they have learned. In between â€Å"do† and â€Å"review† children clean up by putting away their materials or storing unfinished projects. Children are very active and purposeful during â€Å"do† time because they are pursuing activities that interest them. They may follow their initial plans but often as they become engaged their plans shift or may even change completely (High Scope Educational Research Foundation 2007). The High Scope method also operates group time. ‘Small’ group time is a chance for the children to meet with an adult to experiment with materials and solve problems. Although adults choose the activity to emphasise a key experience, children are free to use the material in any way they want during this time. ‘Large’ group time is the time where children and adults come together for movement and music activities storytelling and other activities. Children have many choices and play the role of leader. In High Scope programs adults are as active in the learning process as children. A mutual give and take relationship exists in which both groups participate as leaders and followers, speakers and listeners. Adults interact with children by sharing control with them; focusing on their strengths, forming genuine relationships with them, supporting their play ideas, and helping them resolve conflicts. Adults participate as partners in children’s activities rather than supervisors. They respect children and their choices and encourage initiative, independence, and creativity. Because adults are well trained in child development, they provide materials and plan experiences that children need to grow and learn. Children and adults spend at least half an hour outside every day enjoying vigorous and often noisy play. They are free to make large movements running, jumping, climbing swinging rolling jumping yelling-all with energy. They collect and they garden. In extreme weather they do large motor activity indoors. Transition times are the minutes between other blocks of the day including arrival and departure times. The goal is to make transitions pass smoothly since they set the stage for the next segment in the days’ schedule. They also provide meaningful opportunities themselves. Children may decide how to move across the floor on the way to small group time. With a consistent daily routine, children know what is going to take place next. It is not unusual for them to announce the next activity and initiate the transition. Snack time allows children to enjoy eating healthy food in a supportive social setting (High Scope Educational Research Foundation 2007). Some of these daily routines that happen in a high scope nursery are quite similar to other curriculums. The idea of the child leading their own learning is incorporated into the Montessori Method and the 3-5 year Curriculum. I have seen this work well at Kettle Nursery. Another important element that I have seen in working action was the importance of health. Snack time at Kettle allows children to experience a healthy eating experience; including sugar free snacks, fruits and vegetables. It seems to be that in the High Scope Method, the child’s health is a very important aspect of the curriculum, which is very similar to the 3-5 years curriculum. Kettle Nursery provides the opportunity for the children to experience play outside each day. They encourage an active lifestyle which again is very similar to High Scope. At the end of they day at Kettle Nursery, the Nursery Nurse also spends a few minutes to discuss with the children what they did that day, this is a little similar to the High Scopes idea of ‘reviewing’. References Hainstock, E. 1997. The Essential Montessori: An introduction to the woman, the writings, the method, and the movement. New York: Plume Books. High Scope Educational Research Foundation. 2007. Curriculum. [Online] Available at: http://www.highscope.org/Content.asp?ContentId=1 [accessed 24 September 2007] Kelly, A. V. 1999. The Curriculum: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Lewis, G. 2001. Rudolf Steiner. [Online] Available at: http://www.freedom-in-education.co.uk/Steiner.htm [accessed 24 September 2007] Mogensen, K. 2004. Eyes Wide Open. [Online] Available at: http://www.aeufederal.org.au/Publications/AE/Atmn04pp26-30.pdf [accessed 24 September 2007] Montessori, M. 1912. The Montessori Method. [e-book] New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company. Available at: http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/montessori/method/method.html [accessed 14 October 2007] Bibliography Scottish Executive. 2001. Curriculum Framework for children 3 to 5. Dundee: Learning and Teaching Scotland. Tanner, D. 2006. Curriculum Development: Theory into Practice. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Maria Montessori. n.d. Maria Montessori, MD. [Online] Available at: http://www.montessori.edu/maria.html [accessed 24 September 2007]

Chapter 17 Scarlet Letter Analysis

Mira Susa, Jennifer Welsh Mr. Jordan AP Language and Composition 19 November 2009 â€Å"Chapter 17† Chapter 17, â€Å"The Pastor and His Parishioner,† of The Scarlet Letter, starts off with Dimmesdale returning from his journey through the dark forest, upon which Hester waits faithfully for him out of the public eye, and more importantly, Chillingworth. The scene is gloomy; it is noon, however, the sun is shaded by a clouded sky and the thick foliage of the forest, transforming it into a gray twilight. The moment passes when they encounter face to face after seven years of the punishment Hester has been given. They act coldly until Dimmesdale, with fear and reluctant necessity, grabbed Hester’s hand, which broke the dreary part of the encounter. Afterwards, they sit near a brook on a heap of moss and engage in casual conversation, until they start talking about inner peace, or more specifically, whether they have any inner peace. Dimmesdale has not found any from his hypocrisy and sin. He says he cannot console others about their sins when he is sinful. Hester says he does many good works and his sin should be left behind. Dimmesdale on the other hand wishes that he has someone, a friend, he could console in and tell his sins – this would keep his soul alive. Hester claims she could be that partner, but also warns he has an enemy close to him, even under the same roof. Dimmesdale is shocked. Hester realizes what deep injury she has caused to Dimmesdale, a sensitive soul, to a point where the alienation from virtue is causing him to go mad. Roger Chillingworth is finally revealed to be a deception of goodness, and Dimmesdale sinks to the ground and buries his face in his hands in struggle. Because of the betrayal he feels, he says he will never be able to forgive Hester. Hester rebukes this by saying that he needs to forgive her because it is God who will punish. Then, â€Å"in sudden and desperate tenderness,† she took hold of Dimmesdale and placed him against her bosom, on the scarlet letter. She can’t bear to see Dimmesdale frown. After he rests on her bosom, Dimmesdale eventually forgives Hester for the reason that Chillingworth is more sinful than both Hester and him. She says that what they did had a â€Å"consecration,† revealing that it was governed and fulfilled most likely by God. Life is tough for them, but they manage to love each other. Dimmesdale, once again, cannot think for himself, and asks for advice on what to do with his current situation. Hester says for him to leave the town and return to Europe once again. Dimmesdale says he is powerless and cannot go because he can’t quit his post. Hester says he may renew his life, for life is full of trials, and that there is more good works to be done. Switch names, move on. He cries out he must die, for he can’t venture into the world alone. Then, in a deep whisper, Hester says he will not go alone. Analysis Hawthorne uses several rhetorical devices to reach his purpose – to directly relate Puritan settings and romantic beliefs through Hester and Dimmesdale’s love and forgiveness of one another. Hawthorne uses imagery and diction, metaphors and similes, foreshadowing, irony and allusion to get his point of view across. The settings of the forest are dark and gloomy even though it is only noon, which represents Puritanism, but Dimmesdale and Hester see each other in a different light, like former lovers of a different world, which represents romantic beliefs. Hawthorne uses phrases like â€Å"shadow of the woods† to further explain the setting; however, a gleam of romanticism shines when they sit on a heap of moss. He uses powerful images, such as Dimmesdale gasping for breath, clutching at his heart, to express deep emotion. Dimmesdale is described as having a â€Å"magnetic sphere† of sensitivity, and also a â€Å"†¦blacker or a fiercer frown. Hester has firm, sad eyes, and Dimmesdale is a pale, weak, sinful, and sorrow-stricken man. They sit hand in hand on the mossy trunk of a fallen tree, which represents the new growth from a hard past. As for metaphors and similes, Hawthorne uses them to express emotions. He expresses the first meeting of Hester and Dimmesdale as two ghost s, and Dimmesdale puts his hand towards Hester’s â€Å"as chill as death. † Dimmesdale describes the emotion of standing in the pulpit, being watched by many eyes towards his face, â€Å"as if the light of heaven were beaming from it! He clutched his heart â€Å"as if he would have torn it out of his bosom. † Chillingworth is put into a metaphor describing him as a poison. Chillingworth’s revenge is described as â€Å"†¦has been blacker than my sin. † Hester describing â€Å"yellow leaves will show no vestige of the white man’s tread† indicates a metaphor for change, and how he can leave his past behind. Hawthorne uses examples of foreshadowing such as, â€Å"the gloomy sky, the threatening storm, and, next, the health of each† for rhetorically effective writing. An example that includes foreshadowing, along with imagery and metaphor, reads, â€Å"†¦ while one solemn old tree groaned dolefully to another, as if telling the sad story of the pair that sat beneath, or constrained to forebode evil to come. † It describes Hester and Dimmesdale as trees groaning against another, yet describing there might he evil to come. Dimmesdale crying, â€Å"I must die here! † is another example of foreshadowing directly related to death. Irony is shown through examples such as, â€Å"That old man’s revenge has been blacker than my sin. He has violated, in cold blood, the sanctity of a human heart. † He, in cold blood (intentionally and emotionless), has done a wrong to Dimmesdale, but also literally, in the physical sense, has in blood done wrong to Dimmesdale. It is also ironic when Hester is giving advice to Dimmesdale that he should leave and move onward towards a different world, when she herself has not done so and does not know the extent of what is to happen. Lastly, Hawthorne uses a Biblical illusion, related to the Puritans, for a romantic subject, leaving the native land. When Hester says, â€Å"Then there is the broad pathway of the sea! † it is alluding to Moses’ parting of the Red Sea. Graphic The symbol of Hester and Dimmesdale close together, up at the top of the page, is outlined in light blue to express idealistic desires because they are spirits in white in Heaven. The forest trees are black from the judgmental settings of the Puritans, but the tree leaves are red to express Hester and Dimmesdale’s passion, blood and love. The road is paved smooth but spotted and messy because of Dimmesdale’s and Hester’s past road, but is depicted orange for their future ambitions. The two hands is an allusion to Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam, and is surrounded by black for the evaluation and law of sin that Adam has created in the beginning of time. The orb is a representation of the world, in which Hawthorne does not call a world but a â€Å"sphere,† which suggests that Dimmesdale and Hester have left there earth-bound world to something spiritual. They have a magical connection, depicted in purple; however, it is rung around in white to represent the holiness, peace, spirituality, and hope of their love. The fallen brown log, stated in the chapter, is represented as tradition. The moss is a representation of their fallen or seemed to be fallen, past and wrecked future, but the green moss suggests a new beginning. Quotes â€Å"It was no wonder that they thus questioned one another’s actual and bodily existence, and even doubted of their own. So strangely did they meet, in the dim wood, that it was like the first encounter, in the world beyond the grave, of two spirits who had been intimately connected in their former life, but now stood coldly shuddering, in mutual dread; as not yet familiar with their state, nor wonted to the companionship of disembodied beings. Each a ghost, and awe-stricken at the other ghost! † This quote initially explains the Puritan settings, â€Å"dim wood, coldly shuddering† to a romantic belief, â€Å"intimately connected, companionship. † This quote binds the chapter to the theme of the book – Hawthorne’s speculation of Puritanism and Romanticism developed within the story. â€Å"They sat down again, side by side, and hand clasped in hand, on the mossy trunk of the fallen tree. Life had never brought them a gloomier hour; it was the point whither their pathway had so long been tending, and darkening ever, as it stole along; and yet it enclosed a charm that made them linger upon it, and claim another, and another, and, after all, another moment. † This quote explains the entire chapter of romantic belief by describing the love between Hester and Dimmesdale’s love. It explains how they are in the worst time of their relationship, with a long and horrific past, but their mutual desire for each other keeps them with one another, asking for more. Leave this wreck and ruin here where it hath happened. Meddle no more with it! Begin all anew! Hast thou exhausted possibility in the failure of this one trial? Not so! The future is yet full of trial and success. † This quote, spoken by Hester, explains the hope of beginning anew, a romantic belief. However, it is spiritual in the religious sense by saying that as one’s life moves on, it can b ecome less sinless – there are many trials, leading to successes. Also, it explains how God wants people to love life, to do more good, and to enjoy happiness.